How does one compare two language in a truly objective fashion? This is an interesting question, especially in cases where two languages are related and sometimes claimed to be mutually intelligible. The main reasons I‘m spending a fine Saturday morning for this type of philosophizing are a) I have a personal interest for these two languages; b) I personally find it annoying when people claim to know a language when they can guess what it means (such a noble reason to write this post!), and c) it is fascinating to see how languages are interrelated and where their actual connections lie.
The problem may be approached in several ways. I have made a small table comparing Polish and Slovak, but, as it turns out, it does not say much, it does not show the differences.
Language | Polish | Slovak |
Native Speakers | 40 million | 5 million |
Language subgroup | West Slavic | West Slavic |
Number of letters and sounds in alphabet* | 47 | 46 |
Numbers of cases | 7 | 7 |
Difficulty rating** | Category II | Category II |
As mentioned above, this table does not say much more than that there are a lot more Poles than Slovaks on this planet (or, more correctly, the table shows that there are more Polish native speakers). Let’s compare the same text in the two languages instead:
UN Declaration of Human Rights in Polish
Artykuł 1
Wszyscy ludzie rodzą się wolni i równi pod względem swej godności i swych praw. Są oni obdarzeni rozumem i sumieniem i powinni postępować wobec innych w duchu braterstwa.
Artykuł 2
Każdy człowiek posiada wszystkie prawa i wolności zawarte w niniejszej Deklaracji bez względu na jakiekolwiek różnice rasy, koloru, płci, języka, wyznania, poglądów politycznych i innych, narodowości, pochodzenia społecznego, majątku, urodzenia lub jakiegokolwiek innego stanu.
Nie wolno ponadto czynić żadnej różnicy w zależności od sytuacji politycznej, prawnej lub międzynarodowej kraju lub obszaru, do którego dana osoba przynależy, bez względu na to, czy dany kraj lub obszar jest niepodległy, czy też podlega systemowi powiernictwa, nie rządzi się samodzielnie lub jest w jakikolwiek sposób ograniczony w swej niepodległości.
….
UN Declaration of Human Rights in Slovak
Článok 1
Všetci ľudia sa rodia slobodní a rovní v dôstojnosti a právach. Sú obdarení rozumom a svedomím a mali by sa k sebe správať v duchu bratstva.
Článok 2
Každý je nositeľom všetkých práv a slobôd, ktoré zakotvuje táto deklarácia, bez ohľadu na odlišnosti akéhokoľvek druhu, ako sú rasa, farba, pohlavie, jazyk, náboženstvo, politické a iné presvedčenie, národný alebo sociálny pôvod, majetok, rodové alebo iné postavenie. Ďalej sa nesmie robiť nijaký rozdiel na základe politického, právneho či medzinárodného postavenia krajiny alebo územia, ku ktorým osoba prináleží, či už ide o krajinu alebo územie nezávislé, poručenské, nesamosprávne alebo podrobené inému obmedzeniu suverenity.
….
My interpretation and analysis of these two texts is dependent on my earlier experience in Slavic languages. A person with no experience in any Slavic language might not see what I see. I can see several similarities between the two languages, in terms of both vocabulary and grammar. I must, however, admit that whereas my ability to understand Polish increases my ability to understand Slovak, it does not increase my ability to communicate and express myself in Slovak. It might be easier to get a grasp of Slovak, but I still have to start from zero. And the differences? The spelling is an obvious difference; other differences worth mentioning are the case endings, verb endings, prepositions etc.
* including digraphs and trigraphs
**http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Language_Learning_Difficulty_for_English_Speakers
1 comment:
First off, I'm so happy you're blogging again! I was afraid you'd abandoned this blog and decided not to write anymore.
Second, I love this post so much. I love comparing different languages in the same language family. For me, I can understand Belarusian and Ukrainian fairly well since I speak Russian, but I can't actually speak them. That's why whenever people ask me what languages I speak, I always say two (English and Russian) because Ukrainian and Belarusian don't really count at this point.
How's your Slovak coming along?
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